The Commercial Removal of Debris Demonstration project, phase 2 (Crd2), is a groundbreaking initiative spearheaded by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to address the growing problem of space debris. This program aims to develop and demonstrate innovative technologies for removing large, defunct Japanese rocket bodies from orbit, paving the way for future commercial debris removal services.
Support services related to space debris removal, such as collision avoidance (observation, prediction, and mitigation), end-of-life satellite disposal, and orbit adjustments.
CRD2 Program Structure: A Two-Phased Approach
CRD2 is structured in two distinct phases: Phase-Ⅰ and Phase-Ⅱ. Phase-Ⅰ focuses on developing and testing proximity operations and control technologies for non-cooperative targets (space debris). This includes capturing images of the debris to assess its condition and movement, crucial information often lacking for objects left in orbit for extended periods.
Phase-Ⅱ builds upon the foundation laid in Phase-Ⅰ. It involves further refinement of proximity operations and culminates in the on-orbit demonstration of debris removal technology. This phase aims to successfully remove a non-cooperative target and safely deorbit it for re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere.
Fostering Private Sector Innovation in Space Debris Removal
CRD2 represents a significant shift in JAXA’s approach to space development. Instead of procuring satellites based on predefined specifications, JAXA is now procuring “services” and “R&D results” from the private sector. This encourages innovation and cost-effectiveness by allowing companies to design, build, and operate their own debris removal solutions while adhering to JAXA’s service and safety requirements.
This partnership model provides several key advantages:
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Partnership Contract: Fosters collaboration and shared investment between JAXA and private companies.
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Strong Support for Commercialization: Incentivizes private sector development of competitive and cost-effective solutions.
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Technical Expertise and Support: JAXA provides technical guidance, access to testing facilities, and intellectual property.
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Flexibility and Innovation: Allows companies to incorporate their own innovations and adopt non-traditional development processes.
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Staged Payments: Reduces financial barriers for venture companies participating in the program.
Targeting Large Japanese Rocket Debris: H2A R/B
CRD2 prioritizes the removal of large Japanese rocket debris, specifically targeting the H2A rocket upper stage (H2A R/B). This debris, cataloged as SSC 33500 (International Designator: 2009-002J), was part of the launch vehicle for the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT).
This large piece of debris, approximately 11 meters long, 4 meters in diameter, and weighing around 3 tons, poses a significant risk of collision with other objects in low Earth orbit. Its removal will contribute significantly to improving the space environment. The selection criteria for target debris includes:
- Japanese origin
- Rocket upper stage debris
- Long-term presence in low Earth orbit (approximately 600 km altitude)
SSC 33500 H2A R/B: Image taken during separation from the GOSAT satellite in 2009.
SSC 33500 H2A R/B: The insulation, originally orange, is now believed to be dark brown due to prolonged exposure to UV radiation.
The CRD2 program, with its focus on innovative technology development and public-private partnerships, represents a crucial step towards ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities. By actively addressing the issue of space debris, Japan is establishing itself as a leader in responsible space exploration.
